This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Mark McGinley
The Buru Rain Forests are located on the small mountainous tropical island of Buru in the Banda Sea, part of the region known as Wallacea, which contains a distinctive fauna representing a mix of Asian and Australasian species. There are ten bird species in this ecoregion that are found nowhere else on Earth, including a monotypic bird genus. Although the northern portions of the island have been degraded by repeated burning and the coastal lowlands have been cleared, the remaining forest forms two large, contiguous blocks, current threats appear to be low, and the conservation outlook is relatively stable.
Location and General Description
Satellite view of Buru Island, Indonesia. (Photograph by USGS)
This ecoregion represents the moist forests in the island of Buru. Based on the Köppen climate zone system, this ecoregion falls in the tropical wet climate zone. Buru is part remnant crustal fragment, probably from the Australian continent, and part of the volcanic Inner Banda Arc. Consequently, the surface geology of Buru is complex, consisting of older metamorphic schists and metamorphic gneiss, younger volcanics, and recent alluvium.
The natural vegetation of the island was tropical lowland evergreen and semi-evergreen rain forests. The dominant tree species in this moist forest are the dipterocarps, Anisoptera thurifera, Hopea gregaria, H. iriana, H. novoguineensis, Shorea assamica, S. montigena, S. selanica, and Vatica rassak. In old-growth forests, the larger trees grow to more than 30 meters (m) in height and tend to be covered with thick-stemmed lianas and other piphytes. Open forest, woodland, and savanna are also found in this ecoregion, with some being natural but most originating from human activity. The fire-resistant paper bark tree (Melaleuca cajuputi) is common and grows in nearly monotypic stands in dry areas. The steep limestone cliffs in the northwestern part of the ecoregion are covered by mixed forests that include Shorea spp. Exposed ridges between 1,800 and 2,000 m above sea level are characterized by stunted Dacrydium novo-guineense.
Biodiversity Features
Overall richness and endemism in this ecoregion are low to moderate when compared with those of other ecoregions in Indo-Malaysia. Being in the Wallacean biogeographic zone, the ecoregion contains a mixture of Asian and Australian fauna. The mountainous areas of this island are largely unexplored and may contain many undiscovered species.
Table 1. Endemic and Near-Endemic Mammal Species
Family
Species
Pteropididae
Pteropus chrysoproctus
Pteropodidae
Pteropus ocularis
Pteropodidae
Nyctimene minutus
Suidae
Babyrousa babyrussa
An asterisk signifies that the species' range is limited to this ecoregion.
The known mammal fauna of Buru consists of at least twenty-five species, including four near endemics (Table 1). Two of these species are globally threatened: the vulnerable Seram flying-fox (Pteropus ocularis) and lesser tube-nosed fruit bat (Nyctimene minutus).
Table 2. Endemic and Near-Endemic Bird Species
Family
Common Name
Species
Accipitridae
Rufous-necked sparrowhawk
Accipiter erythrauchen
Megapodiidae
Forsten's scrubfowl
Megapodius forstenii
Megapodiidae
Moluccan scrubfowl
Megapodius wallacei
Columbidae
White-eyed imperial-pigeon
Ducula perspicillata
Columbidae
Long-tailed mountain-pigeon
Gymnophaps mada
Psittacidae
Buru racquet-tail
Prioniturus mada*
Psittacidae
Black-lored parrot
Tanygnathus gramineus*
Loriidae
Red lory
Eos bornea
Loriidae
Blue-fronted lorikeet
Charmosyna toxopei*
Strigidae
Moluccan hawk-owl
Ninox squamipila
Tytonidae
Lesser masked-owl
Tyto sororcula
Meliphagidae
Buru honeyeater
Lichmera deningeri*
Meliphagidae
Wakolo myzomela
Myzomela wakoloensis
Meliphagidae
Black-faced friarbird
Philemon moluccensis
Pachycephalida
Drab whistler
Pachycephala griseonota
Rhipiduridae
Cinnamon-backed fantail
Rhipidura superflua*
Monarchidae
White-naped monarch
Monarcha pileatus
Monarchidae
Black-tipped monarch
Monarcha loricatus*
Monarchidae
Moluccan flycatcher
Myiagra galeata
Oriolidae
Buru oriole
Oriolus bouroensis
Campephagidae
Buru cuckoo-shrike
Coracina fortis*
Campephagidae
Pale-grey cuckoo-shrike
Coracina ceramensis
Turdidae
Moluccan thrush
Zoothera dumasi
Muscicapidae
Streaky-breasted jungle-flycatcher
Rhinomyias addita*
Muscicapidae
Cinnamon-chested flycatcher
Ficedula buruensis
Zosteropidae
Buru white-eye
Zosterops buruensis*
Zosteropidae
Rufous-throated white-eye
Madanga ruficollis*
Sylviidae
Chestnut-backed bush-warbler
Bradypterus castaneus
Dicaeidae
Flame-breasted flowerpecker
Dicaeum erythrothorax
An asterisk signifies that the species' range is limited to this ecoregion.
The bird fauna consists of 178 species, including twenty-nine endemic or near-endemic species (Table 2). The ecoregion corresponds with the Buru Endemic Bird Area (EBA) and contains twenty-eight restricted-range bird species, ten of which are found nowhere else on Earth. Six of these species are considered vulnerable: Moluccan scrubfowl (Megapodius wallacei), blue-fronted lorikeet (Charmosyna toxopei), black-lored parrot (Tanygnathus gramineus), Buru cuckoo-shrike (Coracina fortis), streaky-breasted jungle-flycatcher (Rhinomyias addita), and rufous-throated white-eye (Madanga ruficollis), which represents a monotypic genus.
Buru's butterflies include a large number of endemics and are therefore accorded highest conservation priority. Pifridae has 25 percent of the local species unique to Buru, and Papilionidae 7 percent.
Current Status
The coastal lowland forests have been cleared, and the northern and northeastern portions of the island now contain monsoon forest, gallery forest, and savannas as a result of repeated burning. However, the remaining upland forest forms two large, contiguous blocks. Most of this forest is a mosaic of primary and secondary forest as a result of shifting cultivation.
Table 3. WCMC (1997) Protected Areas That Overlap with the Ecoregion.
Protected Area
Area (km2)
IUCN Category
Gunung Kelpat Muda
1,380
PRO
Waeapo
50
PRO
Total
1,430
Ecoregion numbers of protected areas that overlap with additional ecoregions are listed in brackets.
The two protected areas—of which one is greater than 1,000 square kilometers (km2)—cover 17 percent of the ecoregion (Table 3). Commercial logging on Buru intensified during the 1970s, but much of the island is still under extensive forest cover.
Types and Severity of Threats
Current threats to this ecoregion are low, causing its conservation status to remain vulnerable. Commercial logging and shifting cultivation are the primary threats to the remaining habitat.
Justification of Ecoregion Delineation
The Sula Islands were included within the Sulawesi lowland rain forests and the Aru Islands in the Vogelkop-Aru lowland rain forests. Buru Island, identified as a distinct subunit (13c) by MacKinnon and as an Endemic Bird Area (EBA), was delineated as a distinct ecoregion, the Buru Rain Forests. Seram, the larger island to the east of Buru, was also delineated as an ecoregion: Seram rain forests. The larger Halmahera rain forests includes Obi Island, which MacKinnon recognized as a separate subunit (13b) from Halmahera Island (subunit 13a). We created the Banda Sea Islands moist deciduous forests by combining the islands in the Kai and Tanimbar archipelagos, which Monk et al. distinguished as a biogeographic unit. The primary vegetation on the islands in both these archipelagos is moist deciduous forests and semi-evergreen forests, whereas the vegetation in the other, nearby large islands (Seram and Aru) is evergreen rain forests.
Additional information on this ecoregion
For a shorter summary of this entry, see the WWF WildWorld profile of this ecoregion.
To see the species that live in this ecoregion, including images and threat levels, see the WWF Wildfinder description of this ecoregion.
Disclaimer:
This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the World Wildlife Fund. Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the World Wildlife Fund should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.
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World Wildlife Fund (Lead Author);Mark McGinley (Topic Editor) "Buru rain forests". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth September 22, 2008; Last revised Date September 22, 2008; Retrieved May 26, 2012 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Buru_rain_forests>
The Author
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The Buru Rain Forests are located on the small mountainous tropical island of Buru in the Banda Sea, part of the region known as Wallacea, which contains a distinctive fauna representing a mix of Asian and Australasian species. There are ten bird species in this ecoregion that are found nowhere else on Earth, including a monotypic bird genus. Although the northern portions of the island have been degraded by repeated burning and the coastal lowlands have been cleared, the remaining forest forms two large, contiguous blocks, current threats appear to be low, and the conservation outlook is relatively stable.
Location and General Description
Satellite view of Buru Island, Indonesia. (Photograph by USGS)
This ecoregion represents the moist forests in the island of Buru. Based on the Köppen climate zone system, this ecoregion falls in the tropical wet climate zone. Buru is part remnant crustal fragment, probably from the Australian continent, and part of the volcanic Inner Banda Arc. Consequently, the surface geology of Buru is complex, consisting of older metamorphic schists and metamorphic gneiss, younger volcanics, and recent alluvium.
The natural vegetation of the island was tropical lowland evergreen and semi-evergreen rain forests. The dominant tree species in this moist forest are the dipterocarps, Anisoptera thurifera, Hopea gregaria, H. iriana, H. novoguineensis, Shorea assamica, S. montigena, S. selanica, and Vatica rassak. In old-growth forests, the larger trees grow to more than 30 meters (m) in height and tend to be covered with thick-stemmed lianas and other piphytes. Open forest, woodland, and savanna are also found in this ecoregion, with some being natural but most originating from human activity. The fire-resistant paper bark tree (Melaleuca cajuputi) is common and grows in nearly monotypic stands in dry areas. The steep limestone cliffs in the northwestern part of the ecoregion are covered by mixed forests that include Shorea spp. Exposed ridges between 1,800 and 2,000 m above sea level are characterized by stunted Dacrydium novo-guineense.
Biodiversity Features
Overall richness and endemism in this ecoregion are low to moderate when compared with those of other ecoregions in Indo-Malaysia. Being in the Wallacean biogeographic zone, the ecoregion contains a mixture of Asian and Australian fauna. The mountainous areas of this island are largely unexplored and may contain many undiscovered species.
Table 1. Endemic and Near-Endemic Mammal Species
Family
Species
Pteropididae
Pteropus chrysoproctus
Pteropodidae
Pteropus ocularis
Pteropodidae
Nyctimene minutus
Suidae
Babyrousa babyrussa
An asterisk signifies that the species' range is limited to this ecoregion.
The known mammal fauna of Buru consists of at least twenty-five species, including four near endemics (Table 1). Two of these species are globally threatened: the vulnerable Seram flying-fox (Pteropus ocularis) and lesser tube-nosed fruit bat (Nyctimene minutus).
Table 2. Endemic and Near-Endemic Bird Species
Family
Common Name
Species
Accipitridae
Rufous-necked sparrowhawk
Accipiter erythrauchen
Megapodiidae
Forsten's scrubfowl
Megapodius forstenii
Megapodiidae
Moluccan scrubfowl
Megapodius wallacei
Columbidae
White-eyed imperial-pigeon
Ducula perspicillata
Columbidae
Long-tailed mountain-pigeon
Gymnophaps mada
Psittacidae
Buru racquet-tail
Prioniturus mada*
Psittacidae
Black-lored parrot
Tanygnathus gramineus*
Loriidae
Red lory
Eos bornea
Loriidae
Blue-fronted lorikeet
Charmosyna toxopei*
Strigidae
Moluccan hawk-owl
Ninox squamipila
Tytonidae
Lesser masked-owl
Tyto sororcula
Meliphagidae
Buru honeyeater
Lichmera deningeri*
Meliphagidae
Wakolo myzomela
Myzomela wakoloensis
Meliphagidae
Black-faced friarbird
Philemon moluccensis
Pachycephalida
Drab whistler
Pachycephala griseonota
Rhipiduridae
Cinnamon-backed fantail
Rhipidura superflua*
Monarchidae
White-naped monarch
Monarcha pileatus
Monarchidae
Black-tipped monarch
Monarcha loricatus*
Monarchidae
Moluccan flycatcher
Myiagra galeata
Oriolidae
Buru oriole
Oriolus bouroensis
Campephagidae
Buru cuckoo-shrike
Coracina fortis*
Campephagidae
Pale-grey cuckoo-shrike
Coracina ceramensis
Turdidae
Moluccan thrush
Zoothera dumasi
Muscicapidae
Streaky-breasted jungle-flycatcher
Rhinomyias addita*
Muscicapidae
Cinnamon-chested flycatcher
Ficedula buruensis
Zosteropidae
Buru white-eye
Zosterops buruensis*
Zosteropidae
Rufous-throated white-eye
Madanga ruficollis*
Sylviidae
Chestnut-backed bush-warbler
Bradypterus castaneus
Dicaeidae
Flame-breasted flowerpecker
Dicaeum erythrothorax
An asterisk signifies that the species' range is limited to this ecoregion.
The bird fauna consists of 178 species, including twenty-nine endemic or near-endemic species (Table 2). The ecoregion corresponds with the Buru Endemic Bird Area (EBA) and contains twenty-eight restricted-range bird species, ten of which are found nowhere else on Earth. Six of these species are considered vulnerable: Moluccan scrubfowl (Megapodius wallacei), blue-fronted lorikeet (Charmosyna toxopei), black-lored parrot (Tanygnathus gramineus), Buru cuckoo-shrike (Coracina fortis), streaky-breasted jungle-flycatcher (Rhinomyias addita), and rufous-throated white-eye (Madanga ruficollis), which represents a monotypic genus.
Buru's butterflies include a large number of endemics and are therefore accorded highest conservation priority. Pifridae has 25 percent of the local species unique to Buru, and Papilionidae 7 percent.
Current Status
The coastal lowland forests have been cleared, and the northern and northeastern portions of the island now contain monsoon forest, gallery forest, and savannas as a result of repeated burning. However, the remaining upland forest forms two large, contiguous blocks. Most of this forest is a mosaic of primary and secondary forest as a result of shifting cultivation.
Table 3. WCMC (1997) Protected Areas That Overlap with the Ecoregion.
Protected Area
Area (km2)
IUCN Category
Gunung Kelpat Muda
1,380
PRO
Waeapo
50
PRO
Total
1,430
Ecoregion numbers of protected areas that overlap with additional ecoregions are listed in brackets.
The two protected areas—of which one is greater than 1,000 square kilometers (km2)—cover 17 percent of the ecoregion (Table 3). Commercial logging on Buru intensified during the 1970s, but much of the island is still under extensive forest cover.
Types and Severity of Threats
Current threats to this ecoregion are low, causing its conservation status to remain vulnerable. Commercial logging and shifting cultivation are the primary threats to the remaining habitat.
Justification of Ecoregion Delineation
The Sula Islands were included within the Sulawesi lowland rain forests and the Aru Islands in the Vogelkop-Aru lowland rain forests. Buru Island, identified as a distinct subunit (13c) by MacKinnon and as an Endemic Bird Area (EBA), was delineated as a distinct ecoregion, the Buru Rain Forests. Seram, the larger island to the east of Buru, was also delineated as an ecoregion: Seram rain forests. The larger Halmahera rain forests includes Obi Island, which MacKinnon recognized as a separate subunit (13b) from Halmahera Island (subunit 13a). We created the Banda Sea Islands moist deciduous forests by combining the islands in the Kai and Tanimbar archipelagos, which Monk et al. distinguished as a biogeographic unit. The primary vegetation on the islands in both these archipelagos is moist deciduous forests and semi-evergreen forests, whereas the vegetation in the other, nearby large islands (Seram and Aru) is evergreen rain forests.
Additional information on this ecoregion
For a shorter summary of this entry, see the WWF WildWorld profile of this ecoregion.
To see the species that live in this ecoregion, including images and threat levels, see the WWF Wildfinder description of this ecoregion.
Disclaimer:
This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the World Wildlife Fund. Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the World Wildlife Fund should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.
Are you absolutely sure you want to delete this article? This process cannot be undone and is permanent.
Satellite view of Buru Island, Indonesia. (Photograph by USGS)
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