This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor:
Sidney Draggan Ph.D.This article, written by Naomi Lubick*, appeared first in Environmental Health Perspectives—the peer-reviewed, open access journal of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
The article is a verbatim version of the original and is not available for edits or additions by Encyclopedia of Earth editors or authors. Companion articles on the same topic that are editable may exist within the Encyclopedia of Earth.
Running Phthalates to Ground:
Pinpointing Exposure Sources in a Virtual Home
Methods to measure concentrations of chemicals in adults and children, a science known as biomonitoring, can be costly and burdensome. And, although biomonitoring data provide useful aggregate information on exposure to all sources, it is almost impossible to tell how much comes from a specific source. A new mechanistic model may offer a way to identify the strongest sources of exposure to semivolatile organic compounds by showing how chemicals move from a single product through a home and which model parameters have the greatest influence on exposure [EHP 118:253–258; Xu et al.]
Researchers created a model of a hypothetical three-room house equipped with adjustable airflow systems to illustrate how human exposure to phthalates released by a specific source—in this case, vinyl flooring—might be predicted. Phthalates are plasticizers that are used in products as diverse as nail polish, plastic wiring, and children’s toys. Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggest that more than three-quarters of the U.S. population may be exposed to these suspected endocrine disruptors.
For example, they calculated that a fan pushing air through the house would cause more skin contact with phthalates by increasing the release rate from the vinyl surfaces to the air. The fan also thinned the layer of air cushioning the skin, increasing the transfer of DEHP from air to skin. Stagnant air without the fan caused less transfer of DEHP from air to skin, thus protecting against dermal uptake of DEHP.
The new model suggests that levels of phthalates measured in adults and children may result in part from contact with surfaces that may absorb high concentrations of DEHP, such as clothing. Changing the variables in the model house—from airflow to the amount of DEHP in the vinyl flooring to square footage in a room—made a difference in estimated exposure levels. Varying the parameters in this simple model demonstrated the potential for DEHP exposures arising from a single product to differ by as much as 40 times from one situation to another. That variability underscores the wide range of possible exposures across the population—and the difficulty of relying on biomonitoring alone to identify the most harmful sources.
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Citation
Environmental Health Perspectives (Content Source);Sidney Draggan Ph.D. (Topic Editor) "Phthalates at Home". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth December 6, 2010; Last revised Date December 15, 2010; Retrieved May 22, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Phthalates_at_Home?topic=49473>
This article, written by Naomi Lubick*, appeared first in Environmental Health Perspectives—the peer-reviewed, open access journal of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
The article is a verbatim version of the original and is not available for edits or additions by Encyclopedia of Earth editors or authors. Companion articles on the same topic that are editable may exist within the Encyclopedia of Earth.
Running Phthalates to Ground:
Pinpointing Exposure Sources in a Virtual Home
Methods to measure concentrations of chemicals in adults and children, a science known as biomonitoring, can be costly and burdensome. And, although biomonitoring data provide useful aggregate information on exposure to all sources, it is almost impossible to tell how much comes from a specific source. A new mechanistic model may offer a way to identify the strongest sources of exposure to semivolatile organic compounds by showing how chemicals move from a single product through a home and which model parameters have the greatest influence on exposure [EHP 118:253–258; Xu et al.]
Researchers created a model of a hypothetical three-room house equipped with adjustable airflow systems to illustrate how human exposure to phthalates released by a specific source—in this case, vinyl flooring—might be predicted. Phthalates are plasticizers that are used in products as diverse as nail polish, plastic wiring, and children’s toys. Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggest that more than three-quarters of the U.S. population may be exposed to these suspected endocrine disruptors.
For example, they calculated that a fan pushing air through the house would cause more skin contact with phthalates by increasing the release rate from the vinyl surfaces to the air. The fan also thinned the layer of air cushioning the skin, increasing the transfer of DEHP from air to skin. Stagnant air without the fan caused less transfer of DEHP from air to skin, thus protecting against dermal uptake of DEHP.
The new model suggests that levels of phthalates measured in adults and children may result in part from contact with surfaces that may absorb high concentrations of DEHP, such as clothing. Changing the variables in the model house—from airflow to the amount of DEHP in the vinyl flooring to square footage in a room—made a difference in estimated exposure levels. Varying the parameters in this simple model demonstrated the potential for DEHP exposures arising from a single product to differ by as much as 40 times from one situation to another. That variability underscores the wide range of possible exposures across the population—and the difficulty of relying on biomonitoring alone to identify the most harmful sources.
Editor's Notes
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