Geography:Sea of Marmara
Regional setting of the Sea of Marmara connecting to the Black Sea. Source: Norman Einstein
Published: November 6, 2009, 12:00 am
Updated: May 13, 2013, 10:37 pm
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor:
Peter Saundry
The Sea of Marmara (also Sea of Marmora and, in the context of classical antiquity, as the Propontis) is an inland brackish sea which connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea.
The Sea of Marmara has an overall salinity about two thirds of that of the average open sea of the world; however, it is strongly vertically stratified, with very high density, high salinity water at the bottom; and, low desity, low salinity water at the top. Bottom waters are so dense that they virtually do not circulate to the surface.
Sea of Marmara. Source: Demis
Geography
The Sea of Marmara is essentially an element of the border of Europe and Asia. Waters of the Sea of Marmara connect to the Aegean Sea via the Dardanelles, and connect to the Black Sea via the Bosphorus. The surface area of the Sea of Marmara is slightly over 13.200 square kilometers.
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This article is written at a definitional level only. Authors wishing to improve this entry are inivited to expand the present treatment, which additions will be peer reviewed prior to publication of any expansion. |
See Also
References
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International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition.
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Hubert Caspers. Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. In J. W. Hedgpeth, editor, Treatise of Marine Ecology and Paleoecology. Vol. 1: Ecology, pages 801–890. Geological Society of America, 1957.
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L. Zenkevitch. Biology of the Seas of the U.S.S.R. Wiley Interscience, 1963.
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Rhodes W. Fairbridge, editor. The Encyclopedia of Oceanography. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1966.
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Emil V. Stanev. On the mechanisms of the Black Sea circulation. Earth–Science Reviews, 28:285–319, 1990.
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J. W. Murray. Hydrographic variability in the Black Sea. In Erol Izdar and J. W. Murray, editors, Black Sea Oceanography, pages 1–16. Kluwer Academic Publ., 1991a.
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Citation
C Michael Hogan (Lead Author);Peter Saundry (Topic Editor) "Sea of Marmara". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth November 6, 2009; Last revised Date May 13, 2013; Retrieved June 19, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Marmara?topic=49460>
The Author
Standing within a gentoo penguin colony on King George Island, Antarctica, Dr. C. Michael Hogan served a term as Editor in-Chief of the Encyclopedia of Earth which ended in 2012. In addition to authoring a number of papers for the Encyclopedia of Earth, he is a physicist who has published over 1220 peer reviewed articles in other journals and government monographs in the fields of molecular biology, quantum spinwaves, atmospheric physics, biogeochemistry, hydrological modeling, species populat ... (Full Bio)
The Sea of Marmara (also Sea of Marmora and, in the context of classical antiquity, as the Propontis) is an inland brackish sea which connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea.
The Sea of Marmara has an overall salinity about two thirds of that of the average open sea of the world; however, it is strongly vertically stratified, with very high density, high salinity water at the bottom; and, low desity, low salinity water at the top. Bottom waters are so dense that they virtually do not circulate to the surface.
Sea of Marmara. Source: Demis
Geography
The Sea of Marmara is essentially an element of the border of Europe and Asia. Waters of the Sea of Marmara connect to the Aegean Sea via the Dardanelles, and connect to the Black Sea via the Bosphorus. The surface area of the Sea of Marmara is slightly over 13.200 square kilometers.
|
This article is written at a definitional level only. Authors wishing to improve this entry are inivited to expand the present treatment, which additions will be peer reviewed prior to publication of any expansion. |
See Also
References
-
International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition.
-
Hubert Caspers. Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. In J. W. Hedgpeth, editor, Treatise of Marine Ecology and Paleoecology. Vol. 1: Ecology, pages 801–890. Geological Society of America, 1957.
-
L. Zenkevitch. Biology of the Seas of the U.S.S.R. Wiley Interscience, 1963.
-
Rhodes W. Fairbridge, editor. The Encyclopedia of Oceanography. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1966.
-
Emil V. Stanev. On the mechanisms of the Black Sea circulation. Earth–Science Reviews, 28:285–319, 1990.
-
J. W. Murray. Hydrographic variability in the Black Sea. In Erol Izdar and J. W. Murray, editors, Black Sea Oceanography, pages 1–16. Kluwer Academic Publ., 1991a.
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