Ure, Andrew (1778-1857), a British chemist, advocated the great advantages of international free trade and unregulated domestic industry. Using copious charts and data on the industrial productivity of nations' wages and profits, Ure wrote two books during the 1830s, The Philosophy of Manufactures (1835) and The Cotton Manufacture of Great Britain (1836). He argued that by repealing protectionism, a policy that often caused antagonisms leading to war, England would become vastly wealthier, benefiting all her citizens while bettering relations with her European neighbors and the United States.