Yttrium
Source: images-of-elements.com
Published: February 3, 2007, 12:00 am
Updated: October 11, 2011, 9:12 am
The element Yttrium is a soft, gray-white metal. It has the symbol Y and the atomic number 39.
Previous Element: Strontium
Next Element: Zirconium |
|
| Physical Properties |
| Color |
silvery |
| Phase at Room Temp. |
solid |
| Density (g/cm3) |
4.5 |
| Hardness (Mohs) |
--- |
| Melting Point (K) |
1796.2 |
| Boiling Point (K) |
3537 |
| Heat of Fusion (kJ/mol) |
17.2 |
| Heat of Vaporization (kJ/mol) |
367 |
| Heat of Atomization (kJ/mol) |
423 |
| Thermal Conductivity (J/m sec K) |
17.2 |
| Electrical Conductivity (1/mohm cm) |
16.9 |
| Source |
Xenotime (phosphate) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Electron Configuration |
[Kr]5s14d1 |
| Number of Isotopes |
30 (50 natural) |
| Electron Affinity (kJ/mol) |
29.6 |
| First Ionization Energy (kJ/mol) |
615.6 |
| Second Ionization Energy (kJ/mol) |
1181 |
| Third Ionization Energy (kJ/mol) |
1979.9 |
| Electronegativity |
1.22 |
| Polarizability (Å3) |
22.7 |
| Atomic Weight |
88.91 |
| Atomic Volume (cm3/mol) |
19.8 |
| Ionic Radius2- (pm) |
--- |
| Ionic Radius1- (pm) |
--- |
| Atomic Radius (pm) |
180 |
| Ionic Radius1+ (pm) |
--- |
| Ionic Radius2+ (pm) |
--- |
| Ionic Radius3+ (pm) |
104 |
| Common Oxidation Numbers |
+3 |
| Other Oxid. Numbers |
+2 |
| Abundance |
| In Earth's Crust (mg/kg) |
3.30×101 |
| In Earth's Ocean (mg/L) |
1.3×10-5 |
| In Human Body (%) |
0% |
| Regulatory / Health |
| CAS Number |
7440-65-5 |
| OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) |
TWA: 1 mg/m3 |
| OSHA PEL Vacated 1989 |
TWA: 1 mg/m3 |
| NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) |
TWA: 1 mg/m3
IDLH: 500 mg/m3 |
Sources:
Mineral Information Institute
Jefferson Accelerator Laboratory
EnvironmentalChemistry.com |
|
Named after a city in Sweden, Yttrium was discovered in 1794 by Johann Gadolin of Finland. It was derived from the mineral ytterbite.
It is fairly stable in air (as long as it is not ground up), but reacts with water, acids and bases.
Moon rocks show an unusually high yttrium content.
Yttrium is used as a phosphor in TV screens, producing the red color.
Other uses include a microwave filter as well as a catalysts. When alloyed with aluminum, magnesium and chromium, it acts to strengthen those metals. It is also used as a material in superconductors and lasers.
An isotope of yttrium, Y90, is used in needles for certain surgical procedures.
Yttrium has no know biological use.
Yttrium is present in nearly all rare-earth minerals. It is obtained by mining the minerals bastnasite, fergusonite, monazite, samarskite and xenotime, which are mined in the USA, China, Australia, India and Brazil. Other yttrium-bearing minerals include gadolinite and polycrase.
|
Disclaimer: This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the Mineral Information Institute. Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the Mineral Information Institute should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.
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Citation
Mineral Information Institute (Lead Author);Peter Saundry (Contributing Author); "Yttrium". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth February 3, 2007; Last revised Date October 11, 2011; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Yttrium>
The Author
The Mineral Information Institute (MII) is a national 501 (c)(3) not-for-profit organization dedicated to educating youth about the science of minerals and other natural resources, and about their importance in our every day lives.
Each year MII works with interested professional and scientific associations, and various government and education agencies, to help classroom teachers develop materials that are directly usable by teachers in a variety of subjects and a multitude of grade levels. Al ... (Full Bio)
The element Yttrium is a soft, gray-white metal. It has the symbol Y and the atomic number 39.
Previous Element: Strontium
Next Element: Zirconium |
|
| Physical Properties |
| Color |
silvery |
| Phase at Room Temp. |
solid |
| Density (g/cm3) |
4.5 |
| Hardness (Mohs) |
--- |
| Melting Point (K) |
1796.2 |
| Boiling Point (K) |
3537 |
| Heat of Fusion (kJ/mol) |
17.2 |
| Heat of Vaporization (kJ/mol) |
367 |
| Heat of Atomization (kJ/mol) |
423 |
| Thermal Conductivity (J/m sec K) |
17.2 |
| Electrical Conductivity (1/mohm cm) |
16.9 |
| Source |
Xenotime (phosphate) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Electron Configuration |
[Kr]5s14d1 |
| Number of Isotopes |
30 (50 natural) |
| Electron Affinity (kJ/mol) |
29.6 |
| First Ionization Energy (kJ/mol) |
615.6 |
| Second Ionization Energy (kJ/mol) |
1181 |
| Third Ionization Energy (kJ/mol) |
1979.9 |
| Electronegativity |
1.22 |
| Polarizability (Å3) |
22.7 |
| Atomic Weight |
88.91 |
| Atomic Volume (cm3/mol) |
19.8 |
| Ionic Radius2- (pm) |
--- |
| Ionic Radius1- (pm) |
--- |
| Atomic Radius (pm) |
180 |
| Ionic Radius1+ (pm) |
--- |
| Ionic Radius2+ (pm) |
--- |
| Ionic Radius3+ (pm) |
104 |
| Common Oxidation Numbers |
+3 |
| Other Oxid. Numbers |
+2 |
| Abundance |
| In Earth's Crust (mg/kg) |
3.30×101 |
| In Earth's Ocean (mg/L) |
1.3×10-5 |
| In Human Body (%) |
0% |
| Regulatory / Health |
| CAS Number |
7440-65-5 |
| OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) |
TWA: 1 mg/m3 |
| OSHA PEL Vacated 1989 |
TWA: 1 mg/m3 |
| NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) |
TWA: 1 mg/m3
IDLH: 500 mg/m3 |
Sources:
Mineral Information Institute
Jefferson Accelerator Laboratory
EnvironmentalChemistry.com |
|
Named after a city in Sweden, Yttrium was discovered in 1794 by Johann Gadolin of Finland. It was derived from the mineral ytterbite.
It is fairly stable in air (as long as it is not ground up), but reacts with water, acids and bases.
Moon rocks show an unusually high yttrium content.
Yttrium is used as a phosphor in TV screens, producing the red color.
Other uses include a microwave filter as well as a catalysts. When alloyed with aluminum, magnesium and chromium, it acts to strengthen those metals. It is also used as a material in superconductors and lasers.
An isotope of yttrium, Y90, is used in needles for certain surgical procedures.
Yttrium has no know biological use.
Yttrium is present in nearly all rare-earth minerals. It is obtained by mining the minerals bastnasite, fergusonite, monazite, samarskite and xenotime, which are mined in the USA, China, Australia, India and Brazil. Other yttrium-bearing minerals include gadolinite and polycrase.
|
Disclaimer: This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the Mineral Information Institute. Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the Mineral Information Institute should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.
|
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