Gulf of Finland
Estonian coast, Gulf of Finland. @ C.Michael Hogan
Seas of the World 
The Gulf of Finland is an arm of the Baltic Sea, which is bordered on the north by Finland, on the east by Russia and on the south by Estonia.
The surface area of the Gulf of Finland is approximately 30,000 square kilometres, and the average depth of this shallow sea is a scant 38 metres.
This saline water body is one of the oldest seas of Europe, being similarly inundated as long as three to four hundred million years ago.
Source: Helsinki Commission The marine ecosystem of the Gulf of Finland has been degraded by invasion from a number of alien species and suffers from benthic anoxia; moreover, this shallow Gulf functions much like an estuary, being strongly influenced by the quantity of freshwater influx and by high primary productivity and seasonal algae blooms. The ecological imbalances have been exaggerated by heavy water pollution loading, especially in the Communist era of the USSR, which generated intense organic and heavy metal loads not only from Russia but the satellite Estonia.
Human settlement of the shores of the Gulf of Finland is first evidenced about 10,000 years before present, since glaciers covered the entire basin somewhat earlier. The early Middle Ages were punctuated with a viking culture based in coastal Finland, which carried out limited raids within the Baltic Sea area, not unlike their more noted counterparts originating in Norway, Denmark and Sweden.
Contents
Geography
With land boundaries of Finland, Russia and Estonia on the north, east and south, the only marine limit of the Gulf of Finland is at the west. The western bound of the Gulf of is generally construed as a line extending from Spithamn Point (59°13'N), in Estonia, directly through the island of Osmussaar, thence to the southwestern extremum of Finland's Hangöudde Head.
Geologic Origin
Exposed Baltic Shield along the Finnish coastline. @ C.Michael Hogan
The basement of the Gulf of Finland is known as the Baltic Shield, a Precambrian northwest segment of the East European Craton; the Baltic Shield is comprises Europe's oldest rock formation, and it is chiefly composed of deformed Archean and Proterozoic gneisses and greenstone belts. The lithospheric thickness is approximately 200 to 300 kilometres. During the Pleistocene, massive continental ice sheets scoured and weighed down the Shield, leaving a thin covering of glacialmaterial and innumerable lakes and streams. The Baltic Shield continues to experience post-glacial rebound, pursuant to glacial melt of the Quaternary. Subsequently the Baltic Shield underwent a major warping leaving the Finnish coast much higher than the gentle backshore of the Estonian side.
Marine Ecology
Marshy Gulf of Finland coast, northwest Estonia. @ C.Michael Hogan
Primary productivity in the Gulf of Finland is dominated by processes in the Neva Estuary and other waters of the western Gulf. These areas serve as a sink for phosphorus and source of nitrogen, thus governing algae production in the Gulf of Finland as a whole. The Gulf functions much like an estuary, with considerable freshwater influx and strong primary production, given that the entire Gulf is an Epipelagic zone.
In the enclosed freshwater at Neva Bay there are extensive macrophyte beds dominated by Phragmites australis and Scirpus lacustris; these massive stretches of biomass may extend up to one half kilometre from the shore. Moreover, extensive mats of filamentous Green algae form in Neva Estuary open waters in the summer; these mats are dominated by Cladophora glomerata, and these organisms wash ashore, spoiling beaches in much of the resort area of St.Petersberg. At the western edge of the north Estonian mainland, there is a circular current where the Baltic meets the Gulf of Finland; at this location there is very high productivity of two Red algae species: Furcellaria lumbicalis and Coccotylus truncata; these algae are commercially harvested, the standing stock of the two species being approximately 120,000 tonnes.
There are about fifty fish species within the Gulf of Finland, including two endemic species common to the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finalnd: Baltic cod and Baltic herring. The total fish assemblage within the Gulf includes a mixture of marine, migratory and even freshwater species. The two most abundant fish are Herring, Clupea harengus, and sprat, Sprattus sprattus. However, marine species are less evident in the eastern Gulf, which has strong freshwater influx and also in many coastal areas.
Commercial fishing is carried out in spring and autumn; however, the cod fishery is exhausted due to overfishing throughout the entire Baltic Sea. Two pinnipeds, the Ringed seal and Grey seal can be observed hauling out on the shorelines.
Alien species pose a significant threat to ecosystems, shipping and fisheries in the Gulf of Finland. Many of these introduced species have arrived in ship ballast water from other seas of the world. Particularly severe impacts have occurred in the Neva Estuary area including invasion by the Ponto-Caspian Zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha; the North American polychaete Marenzelleria viridis; the predatory Fishook spiny waterflea Cercopagis pengoi and the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis.
Some alien species from Siberia were actually introduced intentionally into nearby lakes including the Amur sleeper, Percottis glenii, a fish species and the amphipod Gmelinoides fasciatus, which derived from Lake Baikal. This invading amphipod has virtually displaced the Neva Estuary native amphipod Gammarus lacustris not only at Neva but also more widely throughout the Gulf of Finland.
Terrestrial Ecology
Sarmatic forest, Estonian coastal zone. @ C.Michael Hogan
See main article: Sarmatic mixed forests
The Sarmatic mixed forests ecoregion surrounds most of the Gulf of Finland, and is distributed over a sizable portion of northern Europe and the Ural area of Russia; more specifically this forest type is found in much of Scandinavia, the Baltics and the Ural area of Russia. Sarmatic mixed comprises a transition into boreal tiaga at their northern limit and mixed broadleaf forests at their southern limit. In Sweden (Ecoregions of Sweden) these forests include certain areas of lowland to submontane hemiboreal and nemoral pine forests. The sarmatic mixed forests are comprised of a mixed conifer broadleaf plant association dominated by Norway Spruce (Picea abies) and Scots Pine (pinus sylvestris) with some broadleaf admixture, especially oak species such as Quercus robur in the north.
The ecoregion is abundant in surface water resources, displaying an inventory of more than ten thousand lakes and 20,000 rivers and streams. On the low lying Estonian [[coastal] zone], there are a myriad of bogs and fens, which are rich in feathermoss understory, sundews and other bog species.
Prehistory
On the Finnish side, an ice sheet covered the entire landmass as late as 12,000 BC, as a statement of the proximity to us of the most recent Ice Age. By 8000 BC glacial retreat in southern Finland left a tundra cover able to support early hunter gatherers who had migrated from the southeast; these peoples were able fisherman and hunters, knowing to have taken wild reindeer and other land mammals; moreover, the oldest fishing net in the world is archaeologically recovered from Korpilahti swamp at Antrea, Karelia radiocarbon dated to 8000 BC. The earliest stone weapons in southern Finland are dated to 7200 BC, but by 3000 BC a new stone-age culture arrived in southern Finland, called the Comb-Ceramic culture, a civilisation identified with a widespread group extending to Siberia. The hallmark of this pottery making culture was a comb-like stamp on ceramic wares.
On the Estonian side of the Gulf of Finland, well defined pollen records indicate forest clearances along the Sarmatic mixed forests of the coastal region as early as 7000 BC. In the Estonian Saremaa islands, similar evidence of early stone-age settlement is manifested by 3000 to 2500 BC. Sedentary agriculture of grain production first appeared in northern Estonia by 3200 BC. Prehistory of the present day Russian shore of the Gulf of Finland is associated with migration of Ukrainian peoples who had waited out the peak of the most recent Ice Age before migrating northward. Similar patterns of early stone-age settlement occurred there, as well as participation in the Comb-Ceramic culture.
References
- Elena V.Bibikova, Svetlana Bogdanova, Stefan Claesson and Torbjorn Skiold. 1999. NORDSIM Ages on Provenance and Metamorphic Zircon Material in Belomorian Metasediments of the Baltic Shield. Journal of Conference Abstracts, Vol. 4, No. 1, Symposium A08, Early Evolution of the Continental Crust
- Estonian Academy of Sciences. 1996. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology, 56 pages, Vol. 45, No.3, Published by Estonian Academy Publishers
- Knut Helle. 2003. The Cambridge History of Scandinavia: Prehistory to 1520. Cambridge University Press, 872 pages
- C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Marsh Thistle: Cirsium palustre, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Strömberg
- International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition
- David Kirby. 2006. A concise history of Finland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53989-0
- Sarunas Milisauskas. 2002. European prehistory: a survey (Google eBook). Birkhäuser. 445 pages
- Gerald Schernewski, Ulrich Schiewer. 2002. Baltic coastal ecosystems: structure, function and coastal zone management(Google eBook) Springer. 397 pages
- Ulrich Schiewer. 2008. Ecology of Baltic coastal waters. 428 pages. Google eBook
- H.Sjors. 1999. Swedish plant geography: The background: Geology, climate and zonation. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. Uppsala: Opulus press, 84:5-14.
