Northeastern Congolian lowland forests

From The Encyclopedia of Earth
Jump to: navigation, search
Ecoregions (main)


Content Cover Image

Epulu River, Okapi Wildlife Reserve, DRC Photograph by WWF/ Allard Blom

The Northeastern Congolian lowland forests contains endemic species and large areas of forest wilderness with intact animal and plant assemblages. Endemic species include the okapi (Okapia johnstoni), aquatic genet (Osbornictis piscivora), and the Congo peacock (Afropavo congensis). The forests also provide critical habitat for endangered species such as eastern lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla graueri). There are some protected areas, but the recent military conflicts in Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of Congo have made these difficult to manage. Threats come from mining, deforestation by slash-and-burn, poaching, and agricultural clearance of forest, usually by indigenous peoples or by refugees.

Location and General Description

Northeastern-congolian-lowland-forests-map.jpg
The Northeastern Congolian lowland forest is located in the northeastern portion of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and extends into the Southeastern portion of the Central African Republic (CAR). It occupies a roughly triangular area of land supporting lowland and sub-montane rainforest vegetation. The northern margin fixed by the transition to savanna and woodland [[habitat]s], the eastern border is bounded by the Albertine Rift Montane Forests, and the southern and western margins are delimited by the Congo River and its tributaries, primarily the Elila River.

The ecoregion declines in elevation from east to west, from the Albertine Rift Mountains towards the Congo River. Vegetation undergoes a gradual transition from submontane forests, to lowland forests. Patches of swamp forest are found throughout the ecoregion. On the eastern and northeastern margins the topography is varied, with numerous rolling hills and escarpments, with elevations normally over 1,000 meters (m) in altitude. In the western portions topography is subtle with few variations and descends to around 600 m. The topographic diversity results in different forest habitat types across the ecoregion. There is also an important chain of inselbergs that cut east to west across the northern portions of the ecoregion. .

Climatically, the ecoregion lies within the humid tropics. Rainfall averages are between 1,500 millimeters (m) and 2,000 mm per annum. Rainfall is seasonal with a well-marked dry season from January to March. Current climatic models indicate that the highest rainfall is found in the lower elevations of the western portion. Rainfall levels decline moving eastward as the land starts to rise towards the Albertine Rift Mountains. The mean annual maximum temperature is between 27°C and 33°C and the mean minimum is between 15°C and 21°C, with variation mostly dependent on elevation.

Precambrian basement rocks underlie the eastern and northern margins of the ecoregion. Further south the rocks are of more recent origin associated with sedimentation in the Congo Basin. Rocks are overlain by thick and heavily leached oxisols in the many parts of the ecoregion. In the southern portion of the ecoregion the soils are comprised primarily of nitosols, which are less weathered and better for crop cultivation. To the east volcanic activity within the Albertine Rift has also improved the fertility of the soils.

The human population of the ecoregion is greatest in the eastern portion, close to the Albertine Rift, reaching densities of 50 persons per km2. Human populations are lowest in the center of the rainforest, falling to less than 5 persons per km2. Some areas, notably the Maïko region, have no permanent settlements.

In terms of the phytogeographical classification by White, this entire ecoregion falls within the Lower Guinea Rainforest Block of the Guineo-Congolian regional center of endemism. The ecoregion contains the eastern limits of the Lower Guinea Rainforest block at Semliki in Uganda, with only a few outliers of this forest type further to the east in Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya. The main vegetation type is lowland moist forest, with some transitional submontane forest in the east, where it borders the Albertine Rift Valley, and some drier transitional types in the north. Although most of the area is covered in mixed-species moist evergreen and semi-evergreen rainforest, single-species dominated forest is also found in small to fairly large patches. The most common mono-dominant stand is largely made up of Gilbertiodendron dewevrei, which also forms mono-dominant stands in other ecoregions of the Guinean-Congolian Forest Region.

Biodiversity Features

Overall the flora is diverse and has high levels of endemism. Around 1500 species of plants are known from the Ituri part of the ecoregion, and others are found in Maïko National Park, and elsewhere. The flora contains high rates of plant endemism, and has many relict species. Some of the relicts indicate former connections to the lowland forests of Cameroon and Gabon. Recent plant collections in the central Ituri forest include several new species, and remarkable range extensions, including a Sapotaceous tree of a South American genus. The inselberg flora of the northern part of the ecoregion also contains interesting plants with links to the mountains of eastern Africa.

This ecoregion also contain a number of narrowly endemic animals. Levels of endemism are highest on the lower slopes of the Albertine Rift Mountains at the eastern extremes, and remain high for some distance within the eastern portion of this ecoregion. The more central and western portions have yielded fewer restricted range species, however, this may be a collecting artifact caused by fewer biologists reaching this area.

350px-Bongo.jpg Bongo (Tragelaphus scriptus), DRC. (Source: Photograph by WWF/ Kate Newman)

Mammals in this ecoregion display high levels of endemism, with 16 species considered either strictly endemic or near-endemic, including the okapi (Okapia johnstoni), giant genet (Genetta victoriae), and aquatic genet (Osbornictus piscivora). Four endemic species of shrew are found only in these forests; the mountain shrew (Sylvisorex oriundus, VU), African foggy shrew (Crocidura caliginea, CR), Congo shrew (C. congobelgica, VU), and the fuscous shrew (C. polia, CR). Ten additional species are considered near endemic, including the owl-faced monkey (Cercopithecus hamlyni), L'Hoest's monkey (C. lhoesti), the pied bat (Chalinolobus superbus, VU), Allen's striped bat (Chalinolobus alboguttatus, VU), Misonne's soft-furred mouse (Praomys misonnei), and Verschuren's swamp rat (Malacomys verschureni). This ecoregion also contains the most important population of the eastern lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla graueri, EN).

The avifauna of this region includes two strictly endemic species Neumann's coucal (Centropus neumanni) and the golden-naped weaver (Ploceus aureonucha, EN). Near-endemic species include Nahan's francolin (Francolinus nahani, EN), Ituri batis (Batis ituriensis), Turner's eremomela (Eremomela turneri, EN), Congo peacock (Afropavo congensis, VU), Sassi's greenbul (Phyllastrephus lorenzi), Bedford's paradise-flycatcher (Terpsiphone bedfordi), and on the eastern margins with the Albertine Rift Chapin's mountain-babbler (Kupeornis chapini).

The herpetofauna has not been well studied. In the reptiles there are five endemic species, including the Zaire dwarf gecko (Lygodactylus depressus). Among amphibians there are seven endemic species: the olive shovelnose (Hemisus olivaceus), Kigulube reed frog (Hyperolius diaphanus), Kunungu reed frog (H. schoutendeni), Mertens' running frog (Kassina mertensi), Buta River frog (Phrynobatrachus gastoni), Christy's grassland frog (Ptychadena christyi), and Pangi Territory frog (Rana amieti). A further nine amphibians are regarded as near-endemic.

As with all other central African countries, a map of the priority sites for biodiversity conservation in this region was proposed in IUCN and has been updated recently.

Current Status

Currently, no accurate data are available on the status of the [[habitat]s] in this ecoregion. Forest cover of the ecoregion has fluctuated over time, with forest declines associated with climate desiccation events which occurred during the Pleistocene ice ages and also since the end of the last ice age, e.g. during the period from 500 BC to the Time of Christ. Much of this ecoregion now comprises lowland rainforest, often in a seemingly primary state. Although the full extent of forest is unknown, it easily exceeds 100,000 square kilometres, and much of this is contiguous lands.

In the DRC, an important part of the Ituri forest is now protected within the Okapi Faunal Reserve. Other lowland forest areas are protected within the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, the Maïko National Park and the Yangambi Reserve. At present the Yangambi reserve is seriously compromised, and of uncertain conservation value. Further reserves which should be assessed to determine their values are the Rubi Tele Domaine de Chasse, the Maika Penege Reserve (near Isiro), and on the [[ecoregion]s] northern border, the Bili-Uere Domaine de Chasse. The total area under protection is roughly 31,000 km2, representing around 6 percent of the ecoregion. Lowland forest of the Itombwe Massif is currently unprotected, but of high conservation value.

The ecoregion contains part of one of the great rainforest wildernesses in the world. This is particularly true in the central part of the ecoregion where the extensive forests support a low density of forest dwelling Mbuti pygmies, and associated agricultural peoples. Soils and agriculture potential are better in the east and south of the ecoregion, especially in Kivu Province. This land is suitable for cattle ranching and plantation agriculture, including coffee. The wars in Rwanda and Burundi and in eastern Congo have displaced many people into the eastern part of the ecoregion. However, these wars have also led to the depopulation of other areas, allowing for potential regrowth of forest cover in the future.

Types and Severity of Threats

The main threats to this ecoregion are mining, logging, large-scale human population movements as a result of war, and the bushmeat and wildlife utilization often accompany these other threats. Gold, diamonds, and the rare metal coltan are mined. Mining has already seriously impacted many important forest areas, such as Maïko, Ituri, and the Kahuzi Biega lowlands (in the latter there are currently 15,000 miners).

Bushmeat hunting, often associated with illegal mining, is a major threat to the larger animals, even in the remote Ituri forest. Elephant poaching has also had a major impact in this region, even in protected areas such as Kahuzi-Biega and Maïko National Parks, and Okapi (Ituri) Faunal Reserve.

Logging has also occurred in several locations, but was largely interrupted due to the war in the DRC. Huge logging concessions are planned and some are underway. Recently the logging industry has been moving in from Uganda, taking advantage of the relative security in the east (especially Ituri region).

The recent wars in Rwanda, Burundi, and eastern Democratic Republic of Congo have had serious impacts on protected area management capabilities, and have led to the widespread migrations of refugees. In some places these refugees have cleared large areas of forest for subsistence agriculture, especially in the eastern sector.

There are fewer threats in the central part of the ecoregion, as population density is low and most of the pygmy inhabitants practice subsistence survival techniques, which are generally compatible with the survival of the forest.

Justification of Ecoregion Delineation

The Northeastern Congolian Lowland Forests ecoregion is a part of the Guineo-Congolian regional center of endemism. The ecoregion is distinguished by high rates of endemism. It is bound by the Uele River in the northeast, the Congo River and its tributaries (primarily the Elila River) in the south, and the Bomu River as it flows into the Oubangui River in the west. These rivers form distribution boundaries to some mammal species, such as the fishing genet (Osbornictis piscivora). The eastern flank of the ecoregion is comprised of 'transitional forest' in the foothills of the Albertine Rift Mountains and our boundary is placed arbitrarily at around 1,500 m. The majority of the southern boundary of the ecoregion abuts swamp forests, with the remaining portion following White's delineation between wetter and drier lowland rainforest.

Futher Reading

  • Alers, M. P. T., A. Blom, C. Sikubwabo Kiyengo, T. Masunda, and R. F. W. Barnes. 1992. A preliminary assessment of the status of the forest elephant in Zaire. African Journal of Ecology 30: 279-291.
  • Doumenge, C. 1990. La conservation des ecosystémes forestiers du Zaire. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN: 2880329892
  • Hall, J. S., B. I. Inogwabini, E. A. Williamson, I. Omari, C. Sikubwabo, and L. J. T. White. 1997. A survey of elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the Kahuzi-Biega national Park lowland sector and adjacent forest in eastern Zaire. African Journal of Ecology 35: 213-223.
  • Hall, J. S., L. J. T. White, B. I. Inogwabini, I. Omari, H. Simons Morland, E. A. Williamson, K. Saltonstall, P. Walsh, C. Sikubwabo, D. Bonny, K. Prince Kiswele, A. Vedder, and K. Freeman. 1998. Survey of Grauer's gorillas (Gorilla gorilla graueri) and eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi) in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park lowland sector and adjacent forest in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. International Journal of Primatology 19: 207-235.
  • Hamilton, A.C. 1982. Environmental history of East Africa: a study of the Quaternary. London: Academic Press.
  • Hart, T.B. 1990. Monospecific dominance in tropical rainforests. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5: 6-11.
  • Hart, J. 1992. Forage selection, forage availability and use of space by okapi (Okapia johnstoni) a rainforest giraffe in Zaire. Page 217-221 in F. Spitz, G. Janeau, G. Gonzalez, and S. Aulagnier. editors. 'ongules / Ungulates 91': Proceedings of the International Symposium 'ongules / Ungulates 91', Toulouse - France, September 2-6, 1991. Societe Francaise Pour L'etude Et La Protection Des Mammiferes, Paris & Institut De Recherche Sur Les Grands Mammiferes, Toulouse. 1992: I-Xii, 1-661.
  • Hart, J. 1994. Survey and status of the Congo peafowl in eastern Zaire. Progress report March-June 1994: Wpa News 46, November 1994: 13-16.
  • Hart, T., and J. Hart. 1988a. Tracking the rainforest giraffe: Animal Kingdom 91(1): 26-32.
  • Hart, J., and T. Hart. 1988b. A summary report on the behaviour, ecology and conservation of the okapi (Okapia johnstoni) in Zaire: Acta Zoologica Et Pathologica Antverpiensia 80: 19-28.
  • Hart, J., and T. Hart. 1989. Ranging and feeding behaviour of okapi (Okapia johnstoni) in the Ituri Forest of Zaire: food limitation in a rain-forest herbivore?: Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 61: 31-50.
  • Hart J., and J. Hall. 1996. Status of Eastern Zaires forest parks and reserves. Conservation Biology 10: 316-324.
  • Hart, J., and A. Upoki. 1997. Distribution and conservation status of Congo peafowl Afropavo congensis in eastern Zaire. Bird Conservation International 7: 295-316.
  • Hart, T., and J. Hart. 1997. Conservation and civil strife: Two perspectives from Central Africa - Zaire: new models for an emerging state. Conservation Biology 11: 308-309.
  • Hart, T. B., J. A. Hart, and P. G. Murphy. 1989. Monodominant and species-rich forests of the humid tropics: causes for their co-occurrence. The American Naturalist 133: 613-633.
  • Hart, T., J. Hart, R. Dechamps, M. Fournier, and M. Ataholo. 1994. Changes in forest composition over the last 4000 years in the Ituri Basin, Zaire. Pages 545-563 in. L. J. G. Van der Masen, X. M. van der Burgt, and J. M. van Medenbach de Rooy. editors. The biodiversity of African plants. Proceedings XIVth AETFAT Congress, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht.
  • Hart, T. and R. Mwinyihali. 2001. Armed conflict and biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa:the case of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Biodiversity Support Program, Washington, D.C.
  • Hilton-Taylor, C. 2000. The IUCN 2000 Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, United Kingdom. ISBN: 2831705657
  • IUCN 1989. La Conservation des ecosystems forestiers d'Afrique centrale. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge.
  • IUCN 1998. 1997 United Nations list of protected areas. Gland and Cambridge: WCMC/IUCN. ISBN: 283170426X
  • Luling, V., and J. C. Kenrick. 1998. Forest Foragers of tropical Africa. UK: Survival for tribal peoples.
  • Omari, I., J. Hart, T. Butynski, N. Birhashirwa, A. Upoki, Y. M'Keyo, F. Bengana, M. Bashonga, and N. Bagurubumwe. 1999. The Itombwe Massif, Democratic Republic of Congo: biological surveys and conservation, with an emphasis on Grauer's gorilla and birds endemic to the Albertine Rift. Oryx 33: 301-322.
  • Sayer, J.A. 1992. Zaire. Pages 272-282 in J. A. Sayer, C. S. Harcourt and N. M. Collins. editors. The conservation of tropical forests: Africa. IUCN and Simon & Schuster, Cambridge. ISBN: 0131753320
  • Udvardy, M.D.F. A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world. IUCN Occasional Paper No. 18 (International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Morges, Switzerland, 1975).
  • UN 1993. 1993 United nations List of National parks and protected areas. Retrieved from: www.wcmc.org.uk/cgi-bin/pa_paisquery
  • White, F. 1979. The Guineo-Congolian Region and its relationships to other phytochoria. Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg./ Bull. Nat. Plantentuin Belg. 49: 11-55.
  • White, F. 1983. The vegetation of Africa, a descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO Vegetation Map of Africa (3 Plates, Northwestern Africa, Northeastern Africa, and Southern Africa, 1:5,000,000). UNESCO, Paris. ISBN: 9231019554
  • White, F. 1993. Refuge theory, ice-age aridity and the history of tropical biotas: an essay in plant geography. Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 2: 385-409.
  • Wilkie, D. S., and J. T. Finn. 1990. Slash-burn cultivation and mammal abundance in the Ituri Forest, Zaire. Biotropica 22: 90-99.
  • Wilkie, D. S., and B. Curran. 1993. Historical trends in forager and farmer exchange in the Ituri Rainforest of northeastern Zaire. Human Ecology 21: 389-417.
  • Wilkie, D. S., and J. F. Carpenter. 1998. Bushmeat hunting in the Congo Basin: an assessment of impacts and options for mitigation. Msc submitted for publication in Biodiversity and Conservation.
  • Wilkie, D.S., B. Curran, R. Tshombe, and G.A. Morelli. 1998a. Managing bushmeat hunting in Okapi Wildlife Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo. Oryx 32: 131-144.
  • Wilkie, D. S., B. Curran, R. Tshombe, and G.A. Morelli. 1998b. Modeling the sustainability of subsistence farming and hunting in the Ituri Forest of Zaire. Conservation Biology 12: 137-147.
  • Witte, J. 1995. Deforestation in Zaire: logging and the landlessness. Pages 179-197 in M. Colchester and L. Lohmann. editors. The Struggle for Land and the Fate of the Forests. World Rainforest Movement and Zed Books, London.
  • WWF and IUCN. 1994. Centers of plant diversity. A guide and strategy for their conservation. Volume 1. Europe, Africa, South West Asia and the Middle East. IUCN Publications Unit, Cambridge, U.K.
  • WWF. 1998. A conservation assessment of terrestrial ecoregions of Africa: Draft proceedings of a workshop, Cape Town, South Africa, August 1998. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC, USA.
  • WWF. 2003. Biological Priorities for Conservation in the Guinean-Congolian Forest and Freshwater Region. Proceedings of Workshop held on March 30 - April 2, 2000 in Libreville, Gabon. Kamdem Toham, A., D. Olson, R. Abell, J. D'Amico, N. Burgess, M. Thieme, A. Blom, R. W. Carroll, S. Gartlan, O. Langrand, R. Mikala Mussavu, D. O'Hara, H. Strand, and L. Trowbridge (Editors). Available from http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions
Disclaimer: This article contains some information that was originally published by the World Wildlife Fund. Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth have edited its content and added new information. The use of information from the World Wildlife Fund should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.

Citation

Fund, W. (2014). Northeastern Congolian lowland forests. Retrieved from http://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Northeastern_Congolian_lowland_forests